What are the differences between the Orthodox and the Catholic cross

The cross is a universal symbol of Christianity, representing the crucifixion of Jesus Christ and his sacrifice for humanity’s sins. While both the Orthodox and Catholic Churches acknowledge the importance of the cross in their faith, there are distinct differences in the way they depict and use this symbol.

One of the primary variations between the Orthodox and Catholic cross lies in their designs. The Catholic cross usually depicts the figure of Christ on the cross—a crucifix—while the Orthodox cross is often empty, symbolizing the resurrection of Jesus. The Russian Orthodox cross, in particular, features a slanted lower crossbar, representing the repentant thief on the right side of Christ during the crucifixion. This thief, according to the Gospels, was the first person to be granted Paradise by Jesus. Therefore, the slanted crossbar serves as a constant reminder of repentance and spiritual transformation.

Another difference between the two crosses is the presence of certain symbols. Catholic crucifixes often incorporate additional elements, such as the INRI inscription, which stands for “Jesus of Nazareth, King of the Jews” in Latin, reminding the faithful of Jesus’ identity as the Messiah. The Catholic cross may also include sculptures or engravings of the Virgin Mary, saints, or angels. In contrast, the Orthodox cross is usually plain, devoid of such embellishments. The focus is on the cross itself rather than any accompanying figures or inscriptions.

The way each cross is used during religious rituals also varies. In the Catholic Church, the crucifix is central to the liturgy. It is often venerated, kissed, and carried in processions, signifying the deep devotion and reverence towards Christ’s sacrifice. The Orthodox cross, on the other hand, is not used in the same manner during worship. Instead, the Orthodox Church emphasizes the use of the plain cross as a personal item for individual devotion and prayer.

The Orthodox and Catholic Churches also differ in the way they hold and display the cross. The Catholic Church often depicts the crucifix with Jesus’ head tilted to the right, while the Orthodox cross represents Christ with his head upright, symbolizing his victory over death. Furthermore, in the Catholic tradition, making the sign of the cross involves touching the forehead, chest, and shoulders in a specific order. In the Orthodox tradition, the faithful make the sign of the cross with three fingers, representing the Holy Trinity—Father, Son, and Holy Spirit.

Lastly, the Catholic and Orthodox crosses can also differ in size and materials. Catholic crucifixes tend to be larger and are often made of wood or metal, showcasing intricate craftsmanship. Orthodox crosses, being more understated, are typically smaller and made of wood, often worn as jewelry or kept as personal devotional items.

While both the Orthodox and Catholic crosses share the fundamental symbolism of Christ’s sacrifice, they differ significantly in their designs, additional symbols, usage during worship, representations of Jesus, gestures, and materials. These distinct differences reflect the diverse theological and cultural traditions of the two ancient branches of Christianity. Nonetheless, both crosses ultimately represent the core beliefs and teachings of their respective Churches, reminding believers of Jesus’ sacrifice and the hope of eternal life.