If you suspect that you or a loved one may have celiac disease, getting the right blood tests is crucial for an accurate diagnosis. Celiac disease is an autoimmune disorder triggered by the ingestion of gluten, a protein found in wheat, barley, and rye. Undiagnosed and untreated celiac disease can lead to long-term complications and a decreased quality of life. Here, we will guide you through the essential blood tests that can help diagnose celiac disease.

1. Tissue Transglutaminase Antibodies (tTG-IgA)

The Tissue Transglutaminase Antibodies (tTG-IgA) test is the most common screening test for celiac disease. This test measures the levels of antibodies in your blood that are indicative of an autoimmune reaction to gluten. The presence of tTG-IgA antibodies suggests the need for further diagnostic tests and possible confirmation of celiac disease.

2. Immunoglobulin A (IgA)

Immunoglobulin A (IgA) is an antibody that plays a crucial role in the immune system’s response to infections. Since the tTG-IgA test relies on measuring IgA antibodies, it is important to check for IgA deficiency before interpreting the results. About 3-5% of individuals with celiac disease have IgA deficiency, which could lead to a false negative result on the tTG-IgA test.

3. Anti-Endomysial Antibodies (EMA-IgA)

The Anti-Endomysial Antibodies (EMA-IgA) test is highly specific for celiac disease. EMA antibodies are produced when the body’s immune system attacks its own tissues in response to gluten ingestion. This test is especially useful in cases where the tTG-IgA test results are borderline or inconclusive. A positive EMA-IgA test strongly supports the diagnosis of celiac disease.

4. Deamidated Gliadin Peptide Antibodies (DGP-IgA and DGP-IgG)

The Deamidated Gliadin Peptide Antibodies (DGP) tests measure the presence of antibodies that react specifically with gliadin peptides, a component of gluten. Both DGP-IgA and DGP-IgG are sensitive markers for celiac disease, and they can be helpful in cases where IgA deficiency is present. These tests are especially valuable for detecting celiac disease in young children, who often have lower levels of tTG-IgA and EMA-IgA antibodies.

5. Genetic Testing for HLA-DQ2 and HLA-DQ8

Genetic testing is not used as a standalone diagnostic tool for celiac disease, but it can provide additional evidence to support a diagnosis. Over 95% of people with celiac disease carry the HLA-DQ2 or HLA-DQ8 gene markers, although not everyone with these genetic markers develops the disease. Genetic testing can be useful in complex cases where symptoms and blood test results are inconclusive.

Obtaining the right blood tests for celiac disease is essential to achieve an accurate diagnosis. The Tissue Transglutaminase Antibodies (tTG-IgA) test, along with the Anti-Endomysial Antibodies (EMA-IgA) test, are the most specific and reliable blood tests for diagnosing celiac disease. However, it is crucial to check for IgA deficiency and consider additional tests, such as Deamidated Gliadin Peptide Antibodies (DGP) and genetic testing, when necessary. If you suspect that you or a loved one may have celiac disease, consult with a healthcare professional who can guide you through the diagnostic process and help you manage your condition effectively.

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