Rheumatism Fever: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatments

Rheumatic fever is a rare but serious inflammatory disease that can affect various organs of the body, particularly the heart, joints, skin, and brain. It usually occurs as a complication of untreated strep throat or scarlet fever, most commonly in children between the ages of 5 and 15. In this article, we will delve into the causes, symptoms, and treatments of rheumatic fever.

Causes:
Rheumatic fever is primarily caused by certain strains of streptococcus bacteria, commonly known as Group A Streptococcus. When a strep infection, such as strep throat, is left untreated or inadequately treated with antibiotics, the bacteria can trigger an immune response in the body. This immune response, also known as an autoimmune reaction, causes widespread inflammation, leading to the signs and symptoms of rheumatic fever.

Symptoms:
The symptoms of rheumatic fever can vary greatly from person to person. Some common symptoms include:

1. Fever: High grade fever is often one of the initial signs of rheumatic fever. It may be accompanied by chills and sweating.

2. Joint pain: The most prominent symptom is joint pain, known as arthralgia. This pain usually affects the larger joints such as the knees, elbows, ankles, and wrists. The joints may become swollen, red, and tender to touch.

3. Skin rash: A characteristic rash known as erythema marginatum may appear on the trunk or extremities. It is a painless rash with a red border and a pale center.

4. Cardiac symptoms: Rheumatic fever can cause inflammation of the heart, leading to symptoms such as chest pain, shortness of breath, abnormal heart rhythms, or unexplained fatigue.

5. Sydenham’s chorea: In some cases, rheumatic fever can affect the brain, resulting in a movement disorder called Sydenham’s chorea. This can cause jerky movements, muscle weakness, and emotional changes.

Treatments:
The treatment of rheumatic fever primarily focuses on eliminating the bacteria causing the strep infection, controlling inflammation, and preventing further complications. The common treatment options include:

1. Antibiotics: Antibiotics like penicillin or amoxicillin are prescribed to kill the streptococcus bacteria. A single injection of long-acting penicillin may be administered, followed by oral antibiotics for several weeks to prevent the recurrence of infection.

2. Anti-inflammatory medications: Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) like ibuprofen or naproxen are often prescribed to reduce pain, fever, and inflammation. In more severe cases, corticosteroids may be required to control inflammation in major organs like the heart.

3. Bed rest: During the acute phase of rheumatic fever, bed rest is usually recommended to reduce strain on the heart and joints. Gradual increase in physical activity is advised as symptoms subside.

4. Long-term management: Individuals who have had rheumatic fever are at a higher risk of developing further complications, such as rheumatic heart disease. Regular follow-ups with a healthcare provider, adherence to antibiotic prophylaxis, and maintaining a healthy lifestyle are crucial to prevent recurrent episodes and protect the heart.

In conclusion, rheumatic fever is a serious condition that can cause long-term damage to the heart and other organs. Prompt recognition and treatment of strep infections play a crucial role in preventing rheumatic fever. If you or your child experience any symptoms suggestive of rheumatic fever, it is important to seek medical attention for timely diagnosis and appropriate treatment.