Monkeypox: What You Need to Know

Monkeypox is a rare viral disease that affects both humans and animals. It was first identified in 1958 when outbreaks occurred among monkeys kept for research. Since then, sporadic cases of human monkeypox have been reported mainly in Central and West African countries, but in recent years, cases have also been detected in other parts of the world.

The virus is transmitted to humans through contact with infected animals, such as rodents or monkeys, or through direct contact with bodily fluids or skin lesions of infected individuals. The disease can also spread from person to person through respiratory droplets, making it potentially contagious.

Symptoms of monkeypox in humans usually start with fever, headache, muscle aches, backache, and swollen lymph nodes. Within a few days, a rash develops, often beginning on the face then spreading to other parts of the body. The rash progresses from maculopapular lesions (flat, red spots) to vesicles (fluid-filled blisters), which eventually form pustules and crusts. The illness typically lasts for 2-4 weeks, and most patients recover without any lasting complications. However, severe cases can occur, particularly in individuals with weakened immune systems.

Although monkeypox is similar to smallpox, it is generally milder in nature. Most people who get infected will recover fully without medical treatment. However, supportive care, such as hydration, pain relief, and management of complications, may be necessary to improve comfort and recovery. In some instances, antiviral medications may be prescribed, especially in severe or complicated cases.

Prevention plays a crucial role in avoiding monkeypox infection. The following measures can decrease the risk of transmission:

1. Avoiding contact with wild animals, especially rodents and primates, as well as their infected body fluids or tissues.
2. Practicing good hand hygiene by washing hands frequently with soap and water or using hand sanitizers.
3. Avoiding direct physical contact with suspected or confirmed monkeypox patients.
4. Maintaining proper hygiene and cleanliness within households and healthcare facilities.
5. Ensuring that any animal products, including meat, are properly cooked before consumption.

Vaccination against monkeypox has been developed but is currently only recommended for individuals at high risk or those living in endemic areas, such as healthcare workers and laboratory personnel handling the virus. With no specific treatment, prevention becomes even more critical in controlling the disease’s spread.

Monkeypox outbreaks have occurred sporadically over the years, both in Africa and other parts of the world. In 2003, the United States experienced an outbreak of monkeypox traced back to imported African rodents kept as pets. More recently, in 2018, the United Kingdom reported its first case of monkeypox, imported from Nigeria. These incidents highlight the importance of surveillance systems and prompt public health responses to prevent further spread.

Given the potential risks associated with monkeypox, it is crucial to stay informed and follow recommended preventive measures. Public health agencies, such as the World Health Organization (WHO), continuously monitor and provide guidance on the management and control of monkeypox outbreaks. By educating ourselves and adopting appropriate preventive measures, we can minimize the risk of monkeypox transmission and protect our communities.