Causes of increased transaminases

Liver function is crucial for overall health, as it plays a vital role in various metabolic processes in the body. Transaminases, specifically aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT), are enzymes primarily found in the liver cells and are essential in the process of amino acid metabolism. When liver damage or inflammation occurs, these enzymes are released into the bloodstream, leading to elevated transaminase levels. This article delves into the causes of increased transaminases, shedding light on possible underlying conditions that can affect liver function.

1. Hepatitis: Viral infections, such as hepatitis A, B, and C, are major causes of increased transaminases. These infections can trigger liver inflammation, causing a release of AST and ALT enzymes into the blood. Hepatitis can be contracted through contaminated food or water, sexual contact, or exposure to infected blood.

2. Alcohol-related liver disease: Excessive and prolonged alcohol consumption can lead to liver damage and subsequent elevation of transaminase levels. Alcohol misuse affects liver function by causing inflammation, fat accumulation, and possibly irreversible scarring, known as cirrhosis.

3. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD): This condition is commonly associated with obesity, diabetes, and metabolic syndrome. NAFLD refers to the accumulation of excess fat in the liver, which can lead to inflammation and liver cell damage, causing increased transaminases.

4. Medication-induced liver injury: Certain medications and herbal supplements can have hepatotoxic effects, leading to elevated transaminases. Long-term use of medications like acetaminophen, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), and some cholesterol-lowering statins may impede liver function.

5. Autoimmune hepatitis: In autoimmune hepatitis, the immune system mistakenly attacks liver cells, resulting in inflammation. This condition often leads to increased transaminases and, if left untreated, can progress to chronic liver disease.

6. Genetic and metabolic disorders: Some inherited conditions, such as Wilson disease and hemochromatosis, can cause abnormal liver function and increased transaminases. These disorders disrupt liver metabolism, leading to the accumulation of toxic substances or excess iron levels in the liver.

7. Certain viral infections: Besides hepatitis viruses, infections caused by cytomegalovirus (CMV) and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) can also lead to elevated transaminases. These viruses can cause liver inflammation and subsequent release of transaminases into the bloodstream.

8. Biliary obstruction: Conditions that block the bile ducts, like gallstones or tumors, prevent the flow of bile from the liver to the gallbladder and small intestine. Biliary obstruction can cause liver cell damage and increased transaminases.

9. Pancreatitis: Inflammation of the pancreas can result in the leakage of digestive enzymes into the bloodstream, leading to secondary liver damage and elevated transaminases.

10. Drug-induced liver injury: Some medications, such as antibiotics, antiepileptic drugs, and antifungals, can cause liver inflammation and increased transaminases. It is important to monitor liver function when using potentially hepatotoxic drugs.

It is crucial to note that increased transaminases do not always indicate severe liver disease. Transaminase levels should be interpreted in conjunction with the patient’s medical history, physical examination, and additional liver function tests, such as bilirubin and alkaline phosphatase. Proper diagnosis and management of the underlying cause are essential.

In conclusion, increased transaminases can signify liver damage or inflammation. Various factors, including viral infections, alcohol misuse, genetic disorders, and medications, can contribute to elevated transaminase levels. It is essential to identify and address the underlying cause to prevent further liver complications. Regular check-ups, healthier lifestyle choices, and avoiding excessive alcohol consumption can help maintain optimal liver function and overall well-being.