Basal cell carcinoma, commonly known as basal cell skin cancer or basalioma, is the most common form of skin cancer. It usually affects the areas of the skin that are frequently exposed to the sun, such as the head, face, neck, and arms. Although basalioma rarely spreads to other parts of the body, early diagnosis and treatment are essential to prevent it from causing significant damage.

Causes:
The primary cause of basalioma is prolonged exposure to ultraviolet (UV) rays from the sun or artificial sources, such as tanning beds. Chronic sun exposure damages the DNA in the skin cells, leading to abnormal growth and the development of cancerous tumors. Other risk factors include fair skin, a family history of skin cancer, a suppressed immune system, and exposure to certain chemicals or radiation.

Symptoms:
Basalioma typically presents as a small, shiny, or pearly bump on the skin that may be pink, white, or flesh-colored. It often resembles a pimple or a non-healing sore and may bleed easily. Over time, the bump may develop into an open sore that crusts and refuses to heal. It may also grow in size and result in a depression in the skin or a raised border with central ulceration. People with basalioma may experience itching, tenderness, or pain in the affected area.

Diagnosis:
If you notice any suspicious changes in your skin, it is crucial to consult a dermatologist for an accurate diagnosis. The doctor will conduct a thorough examination of the skin and may perform a skin biopsy to confirm the presence of basalioma. During a biopsy, a small sample of the affected tissue is taken and examined under a microscope to determine if it is cancerous.

Treatments:
The treatment of basalioma depends on various factors, including the size, location, and aggressiveness of the tumor, as well as the patient’s overall health. The most common treatment options include:

1. Excision: Surgical removal of the tumor and some surrounding healthy tissue. It is usually performed under local anesthesia and has a high success rate.

2. Mohs surgery: This procedure involves the precise removal of the tumor layer by layer, examining each layer under a microscope until no cancerous cells are observed. It is primarily used for larger tumors, high-risk areas, or areas where preserving healthy tissue is vital.

3. Curettage and electrodesiccation: The tumor is scraped off with a sharp instrument (curette) and then burned with an electric needle (electrodesiccation). This method is suitable for small, superficial tumors.

4. Cryosurgery: Freezing the cancerous tissue with liquid nitrogen to destroy it. It is commonly used for superficial basaliomas or in patients who cannot undergo surgery.

5. Radiation therapy: The use of high-energy X-rays to kill cancer cells. It is typically reserved for older patients or those with medical conditions that make surgical procedures risky.

Prevention:
To reduce the risk of developing basalioma, it is essential to protect the skin from harmful UV rays. This can be achieved by wearing appropriate clothing, using sunscreen with a high sun protection factor (SPF), seeking shade, and avoiding outdoor activities during peak sun hours. Regular self-examinations of the skin can help identify any suspicious changes early on, allowing for prompt medical attention.

In conclusion, basalioma is a common form of skin cancer that primarily occurs due to prolonged sun exposure. Understanding the causes, recognizing the symptoms, and seeking early treatment are crucial in preventing the disease from causing extensive damage. By taking proper preventative measures and maintaining regular skin screenings, individuals can significantly reduce their risk of developing this type of skin cancer.

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